Redox ratio and optical absorption of polyvalent ions in industrial glasses

Abstract  The changes in glass structure and redox ratio, R (reduced ion to oxidized ion) of Mn2+-Mn3+, Cu+-Cu2+, Cr3+-Cr6+, Ni2+-Ni3+ and Co2+-Co3+ couples and optical absorption due to Mn3+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Ni2+ and Co2+ ions in industrial soda-li